Modelling density surfaces of intraspecific classes using camera trap distance sampling

Spatially explicit densities of wildlife are important for understanding environmental drivers populations, and density surfaces intraspecific classes allow exploration links between demographic ratios conditions. Although spatially class valuable, conventional design-based estimators remain prevalent when using camera-trapping methods unmarked populations. We developed a surface model that utilized camera trap distance sampling data within hierarchical generalized additive modelling framework. estimated common ungulate, white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus, across three large management regions in Indiana, United States. then extended simple statistical theory to test differences two density. Deer was influenced by landscape fragmentation, wetlands anthropogenic development. documented class-specific responses availability concealment cover, found strong evidence increased recruitment young tied resource from agricultural land use. The coefficients variation the total estimates we surveyed were 0.11, 0.10 0.06. Synthesis applications. Our strategy extends enables managers use traps better understand spatial predictors more precise than previous sampling. Population can our detect finer spatiotemporal changes or intraspecific-class densities. Such be linked use, regimes on habitat harvest limits game species.